From Oppenheimer to Musk: The History of Nuclear Weapons

This course will provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the development of nuclear weapons, from their inception in the mid-20th century to their current and future implications in the 21st century. Students will be introduced to both the technological and political aspects of the field, exposing them to the fundamental physical concepts of nuclear technology and understanding the far-reaching consequences of these weapons.

The course will begin with an overview of basic principles, such as the components of a nuclear bomb and how it is constructed, differences between nuclear reactors and enrichment facilities, and the production of radioactive materials like critical mass and yellowcake (hint: not recommended for consumption). From here, students will be invited into the historic Manhattan Project and introduced to key figures such as Robert Oppenheimer (yes, the one from the movie). This process will elucidate the uniqueness and extensive implications of nuclear weapons compared to conventional armaments.

Special emphasis will be placed on the destructive effects of a nuclear explosion, the difference between tactical and strategic nuclear weapons, and the distinction between military and civilian nuclear development capabilities. The course will continue by presenting nuclear policies and central strategies such as nuclear deterrence and the MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction) doctrine, along with related terms like first/second strike and the distinction between counterforce and countervalue nuclear attacks.

The period will also be examined from the perspective of the anti-nuclear movement, with an overview of its objectives, activities, and achievements, aiming to understand factors that prevented the widespread proliferation of nuclear capabilities to many countries. Key nuclear non-proliferation agreements will be discussed as instruments for limiting the spread of such technology and weapons.

We will discuss disarmament agreements signed by most countries in the international arena. We will understand why they are important, what restrictions they impose on countries regarding the use, proliferation, and testing of nuclear technology.

Towards the conclusion, students will engage with practical questions arising today: Does nuclear weaponry remain relevant in the current era, and does this threat still hold significance in the face of new technologies such as cyber and artificial intelligence? The course will provide a comprehensive understanding of the political and scientific legacy of this destructive tool alongside possible future implications.

* The course material will be tailored to the age of the learners.