In this course, we will learn about two revolutionaries – Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein, who completely changed the way we perceive the physical world. We will begin with a comprehensive review of the historical and scientific background to the development of modern physics. We will examine the scientific revolution in the 17th century in depth, including the challenges and problems in physics of that time that necessitated new thinking.

As a result, we will explore in depth Isaac Newton's innovative work that led to the formulation of the universal law of gravity, which finally provided a complete explanation for the motion of celestial bodies that had perplexed researchers until then. We will also discuss his understanding of the principle of relative motion and provide many practical examples.

We will then examine in depth the wave and particle model of light developed by Newton, and see how this explains phenomena of reflection, refraction, light interference, and more. We will present both the advantages and disadvantages of the Newtonian model for explaining light.

Then we will devote time to analyzing the accumulating failures of Newton's classical physics that began to point to the need for a new theory. We will analyze in depth the Michelson–Morley experiment, whose results could not be explained within the Newtonian model.

We will then examine the original ideas that led Einstein to develop a completely new theory of reality. We will present the thought experiment he performed and the far-reaching conclusions he drew from it, which were in direct contradiction to the Newtonian understanding.

We will then devote considerable time to a deep understanding of the new revolutionary ideas: relativity of motion and time, the speed of light as a universal constant, curved space-time, etc. We will explain each concept through examples and provide many applications.

We will also delve into the general theory of relativity and the relationship between mass and curved space-time. We will review experimental proofs for illustration and show how this is an extension of the special theory of relativity.

We will then present the various implications and applications of the theory of relativity that managed to explain many phenomena that classical physics failed to explain.

Finally, we will systematically and comprehensively compare the Newtonian model to that of Einstein, presenting the advantages and disadvantages of each. We will conclude with a look at the open questions and challenges currently at the forefront of modern physics.

* The course material will be tailored to the age of the learners.