In this course, we will delve into the intricate anatomical structure of the eyes. We will study the various components of the eye, their complexity, and their contribution and importance to the proper functioning of the sense of vision. Additionally, we will focus on the structures that comprise the eye's envelope and auxiliary structures: we will learn about the muscles that enable eye movement in different directions, the importance of the eye sockets, the cranial nerves that aid in the proper functioning of the eye (optic nerve, nerves responsible for various reflexes such as blinking, pupil dilation/constriction, eye deviation, and more), the lacrimal gland, aqueous humor production, and the ducts that drain tears into the nose, the chemical composition of the tear film, and the importance and role of each layer that composes it. We will learn to assess tear adequacy using the "Schirmer test" and address tear-related problems, such as dry eyes, elaborating on the potential risks to the eye as a result. We will explore issues and questions related to vision, such as why we have two eyes and how this affects our field of vision, demonstrating how this contributes to depth perception and distance estimation, and discuss the principles of vision testing. We will delve into various optical phenomena and explain in depth how we utilize phenomena such as "parallax" for fundus examination, reflection for corneal and lens examination, and more. We will become familiar with different types of ophthalmoscopic examinations, learn about the differences between direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy, and answer questions such as: When do we choose which ophthalmoscopy to use? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? How do we "navigate" the ophthalmoscope on the fundus and identify its various structures? Which filters do we use and when? We will explore the "Purkinje image" test for diagnosing corneal and lens integrity, understand what creates each of the images, and the physics behind their upright or inverted appearance. We will learn to diagnose corneal ulcers using fluorescent dye and how to decide, based on the level of damage, whether to treat them and how. We will learn about corneal transplantation, its benefits, and associated risks. (If time permits, we will also cover laser surgeries.) We will discover how the physiology of color vision works, from the stage of light reception by retinal photoreceptors to the stage of visual interpretation in the brain. Additionally, we will learn how to diagnose color blindness, discuss the relationship between gender and the likelihood of being born with color blindness, and the genetic reasons for this, while familiarizing ourselves with biological terminology from the field of genetics. We will understand the importance of maintaining normal intraocular pressure and learn how tonometry works to measure pressure within the eye. After learning about the clinical and physical examinations that can be performed to diagnose the integrity of the eye's anatomical structures and vision itself, we will become familiar with the medical procedures that can be done to correct such problems when they are discovered. We will study pathologies such as cataracts and intraocular pressure problems (like glaucoma), diagnosis and treatment of conjunctivitis, (if time permits, we will also cover eyelid deformities, familiarization with terms such as entropion/ectropion, and the surgeries to correct these conditions).

* The course material will be tailored to the age of the learners.