In this course, we will study the blood system, scientifically known as the cardiovascular system. We will explore the diverse functions of this complex system, as well as the anatomical structure and physiological mechanisms that enable these functions. We will familiarize ourselves with the various types of blood vessels that comprise the system, their structure, and how they are adapted to their specific roles. Additionally, we will delve into the anatomy and physiology of the heart itself.

We will deepen our understanding of clinical aspects, learn to interpret ECGs, and demonstrate the measurement of vital signs such as pulse and blood pressure. We will gain an in-depth understanding of the body's mechanisms for maintaining these parameters in a state of homeostasis. Furthermore, we will discuss practical steps that each of us can take to maintain a healthier heart and blood vessels throughout our lives.

The course will examine the remarkable composition of blood and the types of cells it contains. We will discover together how and where in the body these cells are produced. We will focus on the ability of red blood cells to bind oxygen and compare the hemoglobin in adult red blood cells to that in fetal blood cells and muscle tissue. Additionally, we will discuss the membrane proteins of red blood cells and address questions such as: How is blood type determined? Who can donate blood to whom? What criteria make a person eligible to donate blood? We will learn about the Ottenberg rule and in which organisms, besides humans, it applies (and in which it does not).

We will explore the dangers of blood loss and learn about the clotting mechanism of blood platelets, as well as clinical methods to stop bleeding when the clotting mechanism alone is insufficient. There are various mechanical, physical, chemical, and pharmacological approaches, each effective for different intensities and types of bleeding.

Finally, after thoroughly understanding the cardiovascular system in its normal physiological state, we will study fascinating clinical pathologies and their prevention, diagnosis, and treatment methods.

If time permits, we will expand our discussion to cover the unique hearts of other organisms and animals, as well as the special blood system structures of different taxonomic classes in the animal kingdom, such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds (in addition to humans and the mammalian class, which is the primary focus of the course). The course material will be adapted to the age of the learners.